Evolution Korea: What's The Only Thing Nobody Is Talking About
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Evolution Korea
South Korea's democracy is prone to populist inclinations. It is still healthier than expected.
The country is seeking a new paradigm of development. The Confucian culture, which emphasizes respect for the ancestors as well as gendered family relationships, continues to influence the society. However, there are signs that a secular culture is gaining ground.
Origins
During prehistoric times the ancestors of the modern Koreans lived by hunting and gathering wild food. In the tens of thousands of years after, they began to grow crops including millet and beans. They also raised livestock, and even made furs. These tribes formed tribal states in succession in Manchuria and on the Korean peninsula. They also developed an industry of metallurgy, which produced bronze and later iron tools. They traded with other nations and introduced block and celadon printing to Japan along with art styles as well as a written language and papermaking.
Gojoseon was established in 2333 BCE on the southern peninsula. This state adopted Chinese culture that included Confucian Philosophy and Buddhism. During this time, the people of Buyeo joined Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a hierarchical state where the monarch and other senior officials came from the aristocracy of the land, while the rest of its population were peasants. The state collected taxes from these people, and sometimes forced them to join the army or build fortifications.
At the close of the period the state of Baekje was established by Onjo who was a prince of Goguryeo and was the son of Jumong who was the founder of Goguryeo. The new kingdom grew its territory to the southwest of the peninsula and fought with Goguryeo and China's commanderies in the area. Baekje took on Confucian ideas into its state beliefs system in 1390 CE, and established the male-centric notion of filiopiety a doctrine. Under the guise filiopiety, fathers were responsible to their families. They must be obeyed by all and respected even by their children and grandchildren.
Goryeo, which would rule from 918 to 1392 CE gave the world the Hangul alphabet that was based on the shapes formed by the mouth during pronunciation. This dramatically improved the communication between people and led to an explosion in the writing of Buddhist texts. Woodblock printing and the movable metal type were also refined. In 1145 CE the Samguk Sagi, or "History of the Three Kingdoms" was recorded for the first time.
Development in Korea
The Korean peninsula was habitable from Neolithic times onwards. Early evidence of human settlements can be found in the form of cist graves that were lined with stone, and decorated with precious objects like amazonite jewelry being buried alongside the dead. Megalithic structures, referred to as dolmens and constructed of single large stones, are common in the country.
In the first half of the 1st millennium BCE, Gojoseon established itself as the first recognized political state. The peninsula was then ruled by a number of states during the Three Kingdoms Period (57 BC-635 CE) including Baekje and Goguryeo. The northern region of the peninsula was for a while occupied by the Balhae Kingdom, which historians do not believe to be a real Korean state.
After the Three Kingdoms, several smaller states arose in the Proto-Three Kingdoms period, or Several States Period (yeolgugsidae). In all of them, Baekje was the most powerful of them all but its dynasty dissolved by the fall of Goguryeo in 676 CE and left the southern provinces of Manchuria and the western region around Hwanghae Bay, while eastern Buyeo and the Gaya confederacy flourished for a short time.
The Unified Silla Kingdom then emerged and the three kingdoms started to work together to expand their territories. Silla, with the help of the Chinese eventually conquered and unified the peninsula in 935.
As Korea enters a post-crisis phase, its development paradigm seems to be in flux. People who are shocked by the enormous cost of the old system would prefer a thorough program of liberalization in capital as well as labor and product markets. On the other hand, champions of the old system are seeking to protect it by using nationalist sentiments and generating fear of job loss.
Policy and academic analysts are sharply divided on the extent to which these two trends are driving Koreas shift towards a new model of economic governance. This article examines the five phases of Korea's development in terms of its political development: illiberal democracies (1945-60), democratic autoritarianism (1961-72) authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-1877) democratic paternalism (2001-2002) and participatory democracy (2002). This article also identifies the key factors that are the driving force behind these developments.
Creationism in Korea
In South Korea, 26% of the population is Christian. The creationists have been successful in promoting their beliefs to this population. A 2009 survey showed that nearly one-third of respondents did not believe in evolution. Of those, 41% said that there was insufficient scientific evidence to support the theory 39% of respondents said it contradicted their religious beliefs. 17 percent said they didn't comprehend it. The level of doubt is comparable to that of the United States where a similar percentage of people do not believe that humans evolved from lesser advanced forms of life.
In the past, most of the anti-evolution movement in Korea was focused on educating college students and leading them to Christ. A significant increase in interest in creation science came in the year 1980, when there was the inauguration of a four-day seminar during the World Evangelization Crusade in Seoul that featured Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Giss of ICR were the featured speakers. This event attracted a huge number of pastors, professors, church leaders, and scientists.
The success of this event resulted in the establishment of the Korea Association of Creation Research (KACR) on January 31st 1981. The inaugural meeting was widely covered in national newspapers, including The Korea Times and Chosun Ilbo, and it received wide attention.
KACR began publishing a monthly newsletter, CREATION, in which it published its activities and also published articles on scientific evidence for creationism. It also translated a number of film strips and slides from ICR as well as some books on creationism which were published outside of check here Korea. KACR members gave lectures across the country in churches and universities.
A KACR success was seen at the KAIST University in Seoul. Students at KAIST in Seoul were so interested in creationism, they raised funds and received support to build an enlightened museum on campus.
In addition to its public activities, KACR publishes a bimonthly news magazine called CREATION that covers topics related to creation science, and it has sponsored a series of lectures by ICR staff. It also has a network of local branch offices that offer talks and seminars to children and community groups.
Changes in South Korea
In the late nineteenth century and into the early twentieth century, Korea began to adopt an increasingly Westernized lifestyle. The hanbok, the traditional Korean dress, was replaced to miniskirts and other fashion elements imported from abroad. Similar to the way traditional Korean music styles were replaced by contemporary jazz and rock and roll. At this time, the famous samulnori, or masked dance dramas, were popular with the public. These dramatic pieces were performed with the accompaniment of shaman drums as well as different musical instruments.
Korea's new model of development is being created in the wake of the economic crisis. The main challenge for the new regime is the balance between state-led economic policies as well as market-oriented ones. It also involves changing incentives, monitoring or disciplining systems that have shaped the system prior to the crisis. These issues are examined in Chapters 3 and 4.
Founded by Onjo, prince of Goguryeo and the third son of Jumong, Baekje was established in the middle of the Hangang River, those from Buyeo and other areas, and immigrants from northern China. In the 4th century, in the early part of, Baekje was a major regional power, and expanded its territory as far as Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do in the south. This meant that it was constantly in conflict with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanderies on the border.
The decline of Silla between the 8th and 9th centuries resulted in the development of powerful local factions. Gungye was a nobleman from Later Baekje who established a kingdom in Songak with Songak as its capital. He was the ruler of a large portion of the present-day Jeolla province and Chungcheong. Later, he relocated the capital to Wansanju. He became a rival to Goguryeo.
The rule of his was, however, short-lived. After Gungye's defeat, he was overthrown by a powerful local leader Wang Geon, who united Goryeo with Baekje and Silla in 935. Later Baekje was incorporated peacefully into Goryeo as a successor state. In addition, Wang Geon introduced fundamental reforms and strengthened a central government system. This marked the end of the Three Kingdoms period. From then on, the Korean peninsula was under the control of the Goryeo Dynasty. In the Three Kingdoms period, Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla gradually grew to become powerful states in Manchuria and on the peninsula.